Glass Wikipedia. A jar made of soda lime glass. Although transparent in thin sections, the glass is greenish blue in thick sections from impurities. Bubbles remained trapped in the glass as it cooled from a liquid, through the glass transition, becoming a non crystalline solid. Glass is a non crystallineamorphous solid that is often transparent and has widespread practical, technological, and decorative usage in, for example, window panes, tableware, and optoelectronics. The most familiar, and historically the oldest, types of glass are silicate glasses based on the chemical compound silica silicon dioxide, or quartz, the primary constituent of sand. The term glass, in popular usage, is often used to refer only to this type of material, which is familiar from use as window glass and in glass bottles. 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Handbook Of Building Construction By V Goyal Group' title='Handbook Of Building Construction By V Goyal Group' />Handbook Of Building Construction By V Goyal IndustriesOf the many silica based glasses that exist, ordinary glazing and container glass is formed from a specific type called soda lime glass, composed of approximately 7. Si. O2, sodium oxide Na. O from sodium carbonate Na. CO3, calcium oxide, also called lime Ca. O, and several minor additives. Many applications of silicate glasses derive from their optical transparency, giving rise to their primary use as window panes. Glass will transmit, reflect and refract light these qualities can be enhanced by cutting and polishing to make optical lenses, prisms, fine glassware, and optical fibers for high speed data transmission by light. Glass can be coloured by adding metallic salts, and can also be painted and printed with vitreous enamels. These qualities have led to the extensive use of glass in the manufacture of art objects and in particular, stained glass windows. Although brittle, silicate glass is extremely durable, and many examples of glass fragments exist from early glass making cultures. Because glass can be formed or moulded into any shape, it has been traditionally used for vessels bowls, vases, bottles, jars and drinking glasses. In its most solid forms it has also been used for paperweights, marbles, and beads. When extruded as glass fiber and matted as glass wool in a way to trap air, it becomes a thermal insulating material, and when these glass fibers are embedded into an organic polymer plastic, they are a key structural reinforcement part of the composite material fiberglass. Some objects historically were so commonly made of silicate glass that they are simply called by the name of the material, such as drinking glasses and eyeglasses. Scientifically, the term glass is often defined in a broader sense, encompassing every solid that possesses a non crystalline that is, amorphous structure at the atomic scale and that exhibits a glass transition when heated towards the liquid state. Porcelains and many polymer thermoplastics familiar from everyday use are glasses. These sorts of glasses can be made of quite different kinds of materials than silica metallic alloys, ionic melts, aqueous solutions, molecular liquids, and polymers. For many applications, like glass bottles or eyewear, polymer glasses acrylic glass, polycarbonate or polyethylene terephthalate are a lighter alternative than traditional glass. Silicate glass. Ingredients. Silica Si. O2 is a common fundamental constituent of glass. In nature, vitrification of quartz occurs when lightning strikes sand, forming hollow, branching rootlike structures called fulgurites. Fused quartz is a glass made from chemically pure silica. It has excellent resistance to thermal shock, being able to survive immersion in water while red hot. However, its high melting temperature 1. C and viscosity make it difficult to work with. Normally, other substances are added to simplify processing. One is sodium carbonate Na. CO3, soda, which lowers the glass transition temperature. The soda makes the glass water soluble, which is usually undesirable, so lime Ca. Handbook Of Building Construction By V Goyal BookO, calcium oxide, generally obtained from limestone, some magnesium oxide Mg. O and aluminium oxide Al. No. V. 3S. 1,S. 2ACFEB 09200809200 Centenary Building. Chepauk, Chennai 5. Dated. Air Ticketing and Fare Construction. Man Mohan and Goyal. O3 are added to provide for a better chemical durability. The resulting glass contains about 7. Soda lime glasses account for about 9. Most common glass contains other ingredients to change its properties. Lead glass or flint glass is more brilliant because the increased refractive index causes noticeably more specular reflection and increased optical dispersion. Adding barium also increases the refractive index. Thorium oxide gives glass a high refractive index and low dispersion and was formerly used in producing high quality lenses, but due to its radioactivity has been replaced by lanthanum oxide in modern eyeglasses. Iron can be incorporated into glass to absorb infrared radiation, for example in heat absorbing filters for movie projectors, while ceriumIV oxide can be used for glass that absorbs ultraviolet wavelengths. The following is a list of the more common types of silicate glasses and their ingredients, properties, and applications Fused quartz,9 also called fused silica glass,1. Trilogia Di New York Pdf - Download Free Apps here. Si. O2 in vitreous, or glass, form i. It has very low thermal expansion, is very hard, and resists high temperatures 1. C. It is also the most resistant against weathering caused in other glasses by alkali ions leaching out of the glass, while staining it. Fused quartz is used for high temperature applications such as furnace tubes, lighting tubes, melting crucibles, etc. Soda lime silica glass, window glass 1. Na. 2O lime Ca. O magnesia Mg. O alumina Al. O3. Is transparent,1. Finaldata Enterprise 2.0. It has a high thermal expansion and poor resistance to heat1. C. 1. 1 It is used for windows, some low temperature incandescent light bulbs, and tableware. Container glass is a soda lime glass that is a slight variation on flat glass, which uses more alumina and calcium, and less sodium and magnesium, which are more water soluble. This makes it less susceptible to water erosion. Sodium borosilicate glass, Pyrex silica boron trioxide B2. O3 soda Na. 2O alumina Al. O3. 1. 8 Stands heat expansion much better than window glass. Used for chemical glassware, cooking glass, car head lamps, etc. Borosilicate glasses e. Pyrex, Duran have as main constituents silica and boron trioxide. They have fairly low coefficients of thermal expansion 7. Pyrex CTE is 3. 2. C1. 9 as compared to about 91. C for a typical soda lime glass2. The lower coefficient of thermal expansion CTE also makes them less subject to stress caused by thermal expansion, thus less vulnerable to cracking from thermal shock. They are commonly used for reagent bottles, optical components and household cookware. Lead oxide glass, crystal glass,1. Pb. O potassium oxide K2. O soda Na. 2O zinc oxide Zn. O alumina. Because of its high density resulting in a high electron density, it has a high refractive index, making the look of glassware more brilliant2. It also has a high elasticity, making glassware ring. It is also more workable in the factory, but cannot stand heating very well. This kind of glass is also more fragile than other glasses2. Aluminosilicate glass silica alumina lime magnesia2. Ba. O1. 1 boric oxide B2. O3. 2. 4 Extensively used for fiberglass,2. Aluminosilicate glasses are also resistant to weathering and water erosion. Germanium oxide glass alumina germanium dioxide Ge. O2. Extremely clear glass, used for fiber optic waveguides in communication networks.